The biography of the first printer Fedorov

Memory Biography Today, to print a book, it is enough to charge the printer with paint and the right amount of paper. After waiting for three minutes or half an hour - here the role of the device plays the role, anyone will print the necessary book - at least the Bible, at least the "Golden Book of the Anarchist." Previously, to fulfill this kind of affairs, it would be necessary to make much more efforts and use much more resources, and units could conduct such an operation, including Ivan Fedorov.

Childhood and youth about the childhood of first printer are not reliable information. According to historians, Ivan was born in the year in the Great Moscow Principality. In many ways, this date is based on the conclusions of the Soviet historian Yevgeny Lvovich Nemirovsky, who found a document indicating that in the period from the year Ivan was trained at the University of Yagello, which is located in Krakow, the current capital of Poland.

The portrait of Ivan Fedorov also, according to Soviet and Russian historians, the ancestors of the first printer were from the lands belonging to the current Republic of Belarus. After graduation, the University of Jagello in the year of Fedorov is appointed by the deacon of the Church of Nikola Gostunsky.

In those years, Metropolitan Makarii himself became his direct leader, with whom Ivan will have long cooperation. The first printing house in the year Ivan the Terrible made a significant decision - to begin to print books in Church Slavonic in Moscow. Prior to this, there were similar attempts to print books on Church Slavonic, but abroad. The workshop of Ivan Fedorov, the king ordered that a specialist in the field of printing house living in Denmark be brought to him.

This specialist was Hans Messingaim, famous for his work not only in his homeland. Under his leadership, the first printing house in Rus' was built. By decree of the king, printing machines and the first letters were brought from Poland - printed elements with symbols of the Church Slavonic alphabet. Later they were updated and supplemented by Vasyuk Nikiforov, invited by the king in the year.

Nikiforov also became the first Russian engraver - this is his work can be found in the preserved copies of books printed in that printing house. The printer Ivan Fedorov has established himself in his expectations about typography, Ivan the Terrible opens the Moscow Printing Court, functioning and developing at the expense of the state budget. This event occurs in the year. The very next year, the first and, fortunately, the preserved book of the printed yard - “Apostle” will be published.

Later, it will be complemented by the "Chasos". In both cases, Ivan Fedorov takes an active part in the work, as evidenced by the weekend of publications. It is believed that the king appointed him a student of Messingame on the advice of Metropolitan Macarius. The church of those years was significantly different from the current churches. Then the education of the people was the priority, and all textbooks were somehow connected with the Holy Scriptures.

It is worth mentioning that the Moscow Printed Court has become a victim of arson more than once. It was rumored that this is the work of the correspondent monks who saw a competition in the printing that can reduce the need for them or, at least, the cost of services provided by monks. Partly they were right. On the road, Ivan stops in the city of Nusudov, located in the Grodnyansk State.

He was sheltered by the former military leader Grigory Khodkevich. Having learned about what Fedorov is doing, Khodkevich, as an acting statesman, asked the first printer to help with the opening of a local printing house. The opening of the Zipruda printing house took place in the same year. Having printed several trial “books” in each of which there were no more than 40 uninhabited pages and there were no weekends, employees of the Ziprudovsky printing house, under the leadership of Fedorov, publish the first and, in fact, their only work - the book “Teacher's Gospel”.

This happens in years. The building of the printing house, where Ivan Fedorov printed books after that, the publishing house stopped work, because, according to Khodkevich, things appeared more important. By these words, he meant changes in the country's civil and political life, associated with the signing of the Lublin Union in the year, which led to the unification of Lithuania and Poland into a single country - the Commonwealth.

This news did not delight Fedorov, so he decided to move to Lviv to open his own printing house there. But here he was disappointed - the local rich did not burn the desire to invest their finances in typography, but Ivan did not find support in the person of the clergy - local priests were adherents of rewriting books by hand. Nevertheless, the monument to Ivan Fedorov in Moscow, Fedorov managed to help out some money, and he began to print books, sell them in Lviv, Krakow and Kolomyia, and print new ones for the proceeds.

In the year, Fedorov published Psalter. In the year, Ivan was offered the post of manager Dermansky Holy - Trinity Monastery. Fedorov agreed to this position, believing that the printing should be left in the past.However, two years later, the first printer was busy building a new printing house at the request and finances of Prince Konstantin Ostrozhsky. The book of Ivan Fedorov “The Ostrog Bible” Ostrog Printing house has published a number of educational books: “ABC”, “Primer” A supplemented and processed edition of the alphabet and “Greek-Russian Church Slavonic Book for Reading”.

In the year, the publication of the Ostrog Bible was published, which became the third sign book in Fedorov’s biography two previous ones - the Apostle and Psalter. After the publication of the Ostrog Bible, Fedorov handed over the brothers of the Printing House Office to his eldest son, and he himself began to travel by business trips in Europe - he shared his experience with foreign colleagues, learned about new discoveries and developments, presented his projects to high -ranking people, including the King of Germany Rudolf the Second.

You can get acquainted with Fedorov’s work on the Internet - photos of surviving publications are posted in the public domain. Personal life about Fedorov’s personal life, too, there is practically no information. It is known that Ivan was married, and that he had two sons, the eldest of whom also became a typo printer and even received the corresponding nickname Drukar, translated from the Ukrainian “printer”.

Fedorov’s wife died before her husband left Moscow. There is a theory according to which she died just during the birth of her second son. The baby also did not survive. Death died Ivan on December 5. This happened during the next business trip to Europe. Fedorov’s body was delivered to Lviv, where they buried in a cemetery located in the Church of St. Onufry.

Interesting facts in those years when the first printer lived, the surnames in the current understanding have not yet taken root. Therefore, at the weekend of his publications, as well as in separate business papers, Ivan signed differently: Ivan Fedorov “Apostol”, year, Ivan Fedorovich Moskvitin “Psalter”, year, Ivan, Fedorov Son, from Moscow “Ostrozhskaya Bible”, year.

In addition to church service and printing, Fedorov made multi -barrel mortars and cast guns. The gun, cast by Ivan Fedorov Ivan Drukar - the son of Fedorov - died three years after the death of his father. This happened under unknown circumstances, but some sin on the same correspondent monks, which is unlikely. There is a theory according to which Fedorov is far from the first typist in Rus' - they tried to print earlier, but the results were much worse, so the printing craft did not take root from the first call.

In the year, a monument to Fedorov was erected next to the building of the printed court. In the year, the image of Ivan Fedorov first appeared on the brand. B and B appeared again. Later he was damaged by a group of religious fanatics, but the museum and assistants from among the volunteers managed to restore the building and the bulk of the exhibits. In the year, the monetary yard released a jubilee coin with Fedorov’s profile in memory of the fly from the day of death.

In many cities of Russia and Ukraine there are streets named after Ivan Fedorov.