Biography Alexey Maksimovich Peshkov

On the anniversary of the birth, the Moscow Black Sea List Maxim Gorky Alexei Maksimovich Peshkov is a Russian writer, a public figure, a publicist, a biography of Gorky, especially the Soviet period, has no unequivocal interpretation and, probably, can only be considered only in the light of various versions. The father of M. Gorky, Maxim Savvatievich Peshkov, was a red-reducer joiner.

In recent years, he worked as a manager of the shipping office. Caring for the little Maxim, a sick cholera, he became infected himself and soon died. M. M. Gorky, Varvara Vasilievna, was from a bourgeois family; Early widowed, she married a second time, but soon died of consumption. The writer's childhood passed in the house of his grandfather by his mother, Vasily Vasilievich Kashirin, who surged, then rich, became the owner of a small dyeing institution, but went bankrupt in old age.

Uncle Alyosha loved to drink, and having drunk - they beat each other and their wives. It also came to children. Constant quarrels made life in the family unbearable. Grandfather taught the boy’s literacy according to church books, and grandmother Akulin Ivanovna, introduced her grandson to folk songs and fairy tales, but the main thing was replaced by her mother, “saturating”, according to Gorky himself, “strong power for a difficult life” “childhood”.

About the grandmother of the "amazingly kind and selfless old woman", M. Gorky, the brightest memories remained. From the age of eleven, M. Gorky had to earn his own for bread. He worked as a messenger at the shoe store, washed the dishes on the steamboats, etc. Only reading books saved from the despair of a hopeless life. Gorky did not receive higher education, he graduated from only a craft school, he grew up a “self -taught”.

But he did not have to study in the city: there was nothing to live on. The future writer passed his university on the pier, in nights, in student illegal circles, where they read Chernyshevsky, Marx. Later Gorky will write: "I realized very early that a person creates his resistance to the environment." In the suicide note found in his pocket, it was written: “I ask you to accuse the German poet Heine, who invented tooth pain“ in my heart ...

”of my death. Fortunately, the future writer survived. From G. Gorky returned to Nizhny Novgorod and engaged in literary work, and from G. in the "Samara newspaper" he became known as a feuilletonist, wrote under the pseudonym Igeudiil Khlamma. Pseudonym "M. Gorky ”appeared in the city of letters and documents Gorky signed the real name“ A. The pinnacle of the early work of M.

Gorky - the play “At the bottom” - by its popularity, owes a great extent to the production of K. Stanislavsky in the Moscow Art Theater Glory Gorky grew up with incredible speed and was soon equal to A. Chekhov and L. The social position of Gorky was radical. He has been arrested more than once. Nicholas II ordered his election by the honorary academician in the category of elegant literature of the Chekhov and Korolenko left the academy in protest.

Lenin, provided serious financial support for the G. revolution on the instructions of the party, he illegally went to America to collect money at the Bolsheviks Cashcess. There, he finished the most revolutionary of his plays “Enemies” and mainly wrote the novel “Mother”, conceived by the author as a kind of gospel of socialism. Later he lived in Italy, on the island of Capri, where he took an active part in organizing a party school for Russian workers.

Gorky creates the story "Gorodok of Okurov." And his autobiographical story “Childhood” was recognized as one of the outstanding works of world literature of the twentieth century. Gorky returns to Russia and writes the novels “In People”, a cycle of stories “In Rus'”. Disputes in criticism caused the story “Confession” highly appreciated by the block. For the first time, the theme of God built for the first time caused the discrepancies of Gorky with Lenin, who unloved "flirting with God." The First World War, "which has become a flagrant example of collective madness," was severely affected by Gorky's spiritual state.

G. Gorky met the February revolution enthusiastically, seeing in it the victory of the country's democratic forces. His apartment in Petrograd in February - Marta resembled the headquarters where political and public figures, workers, writers, artists, artists gathered. Gorky initiated a number of socio-cultural undertakings, paid great attention to the cause of protection of cultural monuments, became part of the Special Meeting on Arts, was the chairman of the Commission on Arts at the Executive Committee of the Petrograd Council of Workers and Soldiers' Deputies.

He wrote a number of articles, outraged by the mass export of artistic values ​​from Russia to “American millions”. With the active participation of Gorky, the “League of Social Education” is created, the house of scientists is organized. He was a member of the Commission on the leadership of the People’s House in Petrograd, later he was elected chairman of the Organizing Committee of the “Enlightenment Society in memory of February 27, but already in the October Revolution of G.Blok, and the terrible roar of the Stomillion peasant element, tearing through all social prohibitions and threatened to sink the remaining islands of culture.

A week before the October Revolution in the article “You cannot be silent! After the October Revolution, Gorky, Gorky, criticized the “costs” of the revolution in the opposition newspaper “New Life”, defended universal values ​​that have been forgotten in the whirlwind of the revolution, rights and freedom of personality. The Bolshevik party and official seal wrote that the writer from the "Petrel" turned into a "Gagar", "which is inaccessible to" the happiness of the battle "and who acts as a" whimpering layman "," from behind the trees does not see the forest ", that his conscience disappeared." Gorky painfully perceived this criticism.

In "untimely thoughts" he accused Lenin of seizing power and unleashing terror in the country. But there he called the Russian people organically cruel, “bestial” and thereby, if they did not justify, he explained the ferocious address of the Bolsheviks with him. After the attempt on Lenin, Gorky again became close to him and the Bolsheviks. Subsequently, evaluating their positions of GG.

In the fall, G. Gorky again went abroad due to the exacerbation of ideological disagreements with the established power. He lived in Helsingfors, Berlin, Prague, and with G. Leonov, V. Ivanov, A. Fadeev, I. Babel and others. He wrote the cycle “Stories of the years”, “Notes from the diary”, published memories of Lenin, the novel “The Artamonov case”, began working on the epic novel “Life of Klim Samghin”, and unfinished.

M. Gorky carried out his actual emigration from Soviet Russia very carefully and correctly, without joining such that previously emigrated opponents of the Soviet regime as I. Bunin, A. Kuprin, D. Merezhkovsky, Z. Gippius, and supported strong relations and correspondence with Russia, accepted visiting guests from the Soviet Union. All this looked quite natural and decent. But as a year after year passed, Gorky's constant residence of Gorky acquired a slightly different color and many caused bewilderment.

Stalin M. Gorky makes a “trial” trip around the country, during which the writer is shown by the achievements of the USSR, which were reflected in the cycle of essays “in the Soviet Union”. Gorky nevertheless returns to the USSR. The government provided him with the former Ryabushinsky mansion on Spiridonovka, a summer residence in Gorki and in Teselli Crimea.

Very soon, devoid of freedom of action and movement, the writer felt like a golden cage, but he could no longer change anything. In the last years of his life, Gorky was seriously ill. Starting from G. as an artist, he completely plunged into the creation of the novel “Life of Klim Samghin” - a panoramic picture of Russia in forty years. Most often, Gorky is blamed for the essay “Solovki”, written in G.

Maxim Gorky organized and supported many enterprises: Academia Publishing House, Book series “History of Factories and Factories”, “The History of the Civil War”, “The Library of the Poet”, the journal Literary Study, as well as a literary institution, then named him with a name. Summing up the acquaintance with the famous people of his time, he wrote the literary portraits of L.

Tolstoy, A. Chekhov, V. Korolenko, an essay about V. Lenin, but no matter how close in recent years he did not write about him. Gorky prepared and held the 1st All-Union Congress of Soviet Writers, where he made the main report.