Biography about the moon

The first thing to deal with is what our companion is? The answer is unexpected: although the moon is considered a satellite, technically it is the same full -fledged planet as the Earth. All this makes it a full-fledged participant in the gravitational system of the Luna-Earth. Although the whole mass of our satellite is a little more than the hundredth of the Earth, the moon does not turn around the earth itself - they have a common center of mass.

And the proximity to us the satellite is given by another interesting effect, a tidal capture. Because of it, the moon is always turned to the ground with the same side. Moreover, from the inside the moon is arranged as a full -fledged planet - it has a bark, a mantle and even a core, and in the distant past there were volcanoes on it. However, nothing has left of ancient landscapes - over the course of four and a half billion years of the history of the moon, millions of tons of meteorites and asteroids fell on it, which brothers it, leaving the craters.

Some blows were so strong that they broke through her bark right up to the mantle. The pits from such clashes formed the lunar seas, dark spots on the moon, which are easily distinguishable from the ground. Moreover, they are present exclusively on the visible side. We will talk about this further. Among the cosmic bodies, the moon affects the Earth the most - except, except, unless, the sun.

The lunar tides that regularly raise the water level in the oceans are the most obvious, but not the strongest exposure to the satellite. So, gradually moving away from the ground, the moon slows down the rotation of the planet - a sunny day has grown from the original 5 to modern x hours. And the satellite serves as a natural barrier against hundreds of meteorites and asteroids, intercepting them on the approach to the ground.

How tides and ebbs are happening and without doubt, the moon is a tidbit for astronomers: both amateurs and professionals. Although the distance to the moon is measured with an accuracy of a meter using laser technologies, and soil samples from it were repeatedly brought to the ground, there is still a place for discoveries. For example, scientists hunt for lunar abnormalities - mysterious flashes and radiance on the surface of the moon, not all of which is an explanation.

It turns out that our companion hides much more than you can see on the surface - let's figure out the secrets of the moon together! The movement of the satellite in the sky of the Earth, the phases and the distance from it to the Earth were described in detail by the ancient Greeks - and the internal structure of the moon and its history are explored to this day with space devices.

Nevertheless, the work of philosophers, and then physicists and mathematicians gave very accurate data on how our moon looks and moves, and why it is just like that. All information about the satellite can be divided into several categories that are mutual from each other. If our planet were motionless, the satellite would rotate in an almost perfect circle, from time to time insignificantly approaching and moving away from the planet.

But after all, the Earth itself moves around the Sun - the moon has to constantly “catch up” with the planet. And our Earth is not the only body with which our companion interacts. The sun, which is further farther from the Moon, is massive than the Earth by thousands of times. And even taking into account the law of reverse squares, according to which the intensity of any source of energy drops sharply at a distance, the sun attracts the moon 2.2 times stronger than the Earth!

The libs of the moon during April. Therefore, the final trajectory of the movement of our satellite resembles a spiral, and even difficult. The axis of the lunar orbit varies, the moon itself periodically approaches and moves away, and on a global scale it flies away from the ground. The same fluctuations lead to the fact that the visible side of the moon is not the same hemisphere of the satellite, but its different parts, which alternately turn to the ground due to the "swaying" of the satellite in the orbit.

These movements of the moon in longitude and breadth are called lureties, and allow us to look beyond the back of our satellite long before the first wound with space devices.

From east to west, the moon turns 7.5 degrees, and from north to south - 6.5. Therefore, both poles of the moon can easily be seen from the ground. Specific orbital characteristics of the moon are useful not only to astronomers and astronauts - for example, the super moon is especially appreciated by photographers: the phase of the moon, in which it reaches the maximum size.

This is a full moon during which the moon is in Perige. Here is the main parameters of our satellite: the orbit of the moon is an elliptical, its eccentricity, deviation from the perfect circle, is about 0, given the oscillations of the orbits, the minimum distance of the satellite to the ground of the periger leaves thousands of kilometers, and the maximum apogee - thousands of kilometers.

The total center of the mass of the Earth and the Moon is located 4.5 thousand kilometers from the center of the Earth. The sider month - the complete passage of the moon in its orbit - takes place in 27.3 days.However, for the full turn around the Earth and the change of lunar phases, it takes 2.2 days more - because during the time that the moon goes in its orbit, the earth flies the thirteenth of its own orbit around the Sun!

The moon is in a tidal seizure of the Earth - it rotates around its axis at the same speed as around the Earth. Because of this, the moon is constantly turned to the ground with the same side. This condition is characteristic of satellites who are very close to the planet. The moon from the upper layers of the atmosphere of the Earth. The image of the moon is optically increased.

The night and day on the moon is very long - half the earth's month. Changes in the illumination of the moon, visible from the ground, are called its phases. During the new moon, the satellite is not visible in the sky, in the phase of the young moon, her thin sickle appears, resembling the curl of the letter “P”, in the first quarter the moon is lit exactly half, and during the full moon it is noticeably best.

Further phases - the second quarter and the old moon - occur in the reverse order. A detailed orbit of the moon relative to the Earth is an interesting fact: since the lunar month is shorter than the calendar, sometimes in one month there may be two full moon - the second is called the “Blue Moon”. It is as bright as ordinary full - it illuminates the ground by 0.25 lux for example, ordinary lighting inside the house is 50 luxury.

The earth itself illuminates the moon 64 times stronger - as many as 16 suite. Of course, the whole world is not its own, but reflected sunny. The orbit of the moon is inclined to the plane of the orbit of the Earth and regularly crosses it. The mood of the moon is being replaced by more than 18 years. The maximum speed of the spacecraft reached by the Sun Helios-B Sun was 66 kilometers per second.

The physical parameters of the moon and its composition from the inside the moon is no less complicated than the Earth in order to understand how much the Moon and what it consists of, people needed a lot of time. Only in the year did the scientist R. Boshkovich managed to prove that the moon did not have a significant atmosphere, as well as the liquid seas - when coating the moon, the star disappears instantly, when the presence of a gas membrane would make it possible to observe their gradual “attenuation”.

It was necessary for the Soviet Luna station to measure the mechanical properties of the surface of the moon in the year. And about the reverse side of the moon, nothing was known at all up to a year, until the Luna-3 apparatus was able to take its first pictures. The Apollo spacecraft team delivered the first samples to the surface of the year. They also became the first people who visited the moon - 6 ships landed on it for up to a year, and 12 astronauts landed.

They often doubted the reliability of these flights - however, many critics' points proceeded from their ignorance in space business. The American flag, which, according to the assurances of the conspiracy therapists, “could not flutter in the airless space of the moon,” is actually solid and static - it was specially strengthened with hard threads. This was done specifically in order to take beautiful pictures - a sagging canvas is not so spectacular.

People on the Moon are many distortions of colors and relief forms in reflection on the spacesuits of the spacesuits in which they were looking for falsify, they were due to gold spraying on the glass that protects from ultraviolet radiation. Soviet astronauts who watched the broadcast of the landing of astronauts in real time also confirmed the reliability of what was happening.

And who can deceive the expert in his business? And the full geological and topographic maps of our satellite are compiled today. In the year, the space station Lro English. He put an end to the discussion about whether there were people on the moon, having shut up the traces of the Apollo team from the low orbit of the moon. The device was equipped with equipment from several countries of the world, including from Russia.

The landing place of the Apollo team shot by Lro. Watch in full. Since new cosmic states like China and private companies are connected to the study of the moon, fresh data is received every day. Its thickness in some places reaches tens of meters! Everyone knows that the moon is much smaller than the Earth, which affects its gravity. The jumping of astronauts on the moon was very high despite the fact that their spacesuit weighed 35.4 kilograms - almost like knightly armor!

At the same time, they were still restrained: the fall in the vacuum was quite dangerous. Below - a video of the astronaut jumps from a direct broadcast. They are traces of impacts of particularly heavy meteorites that literally disrupted his bark from the satellite. In these places, only a thin, half -kilometer layer of frozen lava - basalt, separates the surface from the mantle of the moon.

Since closer to the center of any large cosmic body, the concentration of solids grows, there are more metal in the lunar seas than somewhere on the moon. The main form of the relief of the moon is craters and other derivatives from meteorites and shock waves, which are of which. The lunar mountains and circuses were built enormous, the structure of the surface of the moon beyond recognition.Their role was especially strong at the beginning of the history of the moon, when it was still liquid - the fall lifted entire waves of molten stone.

The same caused the formation of the lunar seas: the side facing the ground was stronger than Rakorena due to the concentration of heavy substances in it, which is why the asteroids influenced it more strongly than the cool reverse side. The reason for such an uneven distribution of the substance was the attraction of the Earth, especially strong at the beginning of the history of the moon, when it was closer.

Both hemispheres of the moon. In addition to craters, mountains and seas, in the moon there are caves and cracks - the surviving witnesses of those times when the bowels of the moon were also heated, like earthly, and volcanoes acted on it. In these caves there are often water ice, like the craters at the poles, which is why they are often considered as places for future lunar bases.

The real color of the surface of the moon is very dark, closer to black. All over the moon, a variety of colors come across-from turquoise blue to almost orange. The light gray shade of the moon from the ground and in the pictures is due to the high illumination of the moon by the sun. If the moon was lighter - and during the full moon it would be light like during the day.

How was the moon formed?