The real biography of Chapaev

Contemporaries and descendants know not so much real Chapaev as a state and folk myth. Even his real name, it turns out, was somewhat different. The names of the general domestic commanders are known to everyone and everyone. In terms of civil heroes in the USSR, there was a shortage - almost all of them, in trouble, were either former tsarist officers in rather high ranks, or nominants and supporters of Trotsky, or both together.

How did the Reds win such a command? But by that time, citizens had already been weaned to ask uncomfortable questions. Only Budyonny, suspiciously, who died in time, Frunze and, of course, Voroshilov, who, however, during the Civil War, was not a commissar, but a commissar, fell into official history. Their role in the leadership of the war was insignificant, but all of them died in battles and did not participate in political perturbations.

Many of them began as commanders of the armed detachments that spontaneously arising throughout Russia, defending the interests of the local peasantry. White partisans definitely could not stand it. It was difficult to relate to the Reds: they liked the division of landowner lands and hatred of the “bars”, but no survey and discipline. One of the main tasks of Soviet power during the civil war was the struggle against the "partisanism" in the Red Army.

Some of the people's leaders fit into the system, recognizing the power of the Revolutionary Military Councils and the Commissars, others became "green" and fought on the principle: "Behah, until they turn red, hit the Reds until they beat." Who ultimately turns out to be a “hero” like Kotovsky, and who “as a bandit”, like Makhno, depended on a particular case. But all this had nothing to do with Chapaev.

He joined the Bolsheviks back in September, and quite consciously. Probably, it was played by the fact that his elder brother Andrei actively participated in the revolution of the year and was executed by the verdict of one of the Stolypin military field courts. The virtual image of one of a hundred and more red commander would hardly have become famous if his former commissar Dmitry Furmanov after the war, like Arkady Gaidar, did not go to literature and did not write the novel “Chapaev”, and the classics of Soviet cinema brothers Vasilyevs did not shoot the film of the same name in the year.

On the Soviet public, unheated by spectacles, he made an indelible impression. The children immediately began to play "Chapaeva". At the I Moscow Film Festival in the year, he received the main prize. The author of the photo, Ria Novosti, the signature for the photo, the inalienable details of the image - the actor Vasily Vanin, who looked like him, was intended for a famously twisted mustache and Kubank for the role of Chapaev, but Boris Babobochkin seemed more convincing during the samples.

However, what the real Chapaev looked like, few people knew anyway. It is usually believed that the film adaptation is always weaker than the literary source, but reverse examples are also known, for example, “lost by the wind” or “17 moments of spring”. It also happened with Chapaev. Roman, to put it mildly, was not read out, and the film was really talented.

He was also strictly ideologically sustained. The Vasilyevs created the image of a “man from the folk-folk-gone”, gifted by nature, but completely dark, childishly naive, who felt the truth not with his mind, but with his heart, and before meeting with his eyes that “opened up” the Bolshevik commissar did not know where to swim and what shores to hold on. Under the wise leadership of the party, he develops, begins to express tactically competent judgments about where the commander should be in battle, and, not cutting off his life, would probably have grown in the Soviet marshal.

Kinematographic Chapaev with a serious look pronounces anecdotal phrases like the famous: “Are you for the Bolsheviks Ali for the Communists? A capable commander of the real Chapaev was by no means simple. He, of course, did not finish the academies, but he determined the political position without the help of Furmanov, and in military affairs, even at the level of a large strategy.

During the First World War, the future commander He was awarded to the Fieldbell and was awarded the three "George", and the Reds deserved the Order of the Red Banner, which in the years was more difficult than the hero of the hero, on the personal initiative of Motocyclists, or, as they said, "Self -Cat Army on the Eastern Front of the year. Not called "Chapaevskaya", but on the usual serial number, the first entered Ufa and Uralsk.

Chapaev fought in those parts where Pugachev’s uprising was raging a century and a century earlier. The rebellious Emelyan was his beloved hero, and part, not yet a division, but a brigade, was officially called "Pugachevskaya" for some time. The Chapaevites participated not only in the battles with the White, but also in the suppression of peasant uprisings against surplust, which was not referred to subsequently.

The shock scene of the film, the “Mental attack” of the Kappelevites is the fantasy of the authors.According to the chief specialist of the Russian State Military Archive Ivan Uspensky, General Kappel, firstly, did not engage in such stupid things, and secondly, he never met Chapaev in battle. The son of a carpenter, the creators of the image of Chapaev changed even his last name.

In fact, he was “Chepaev”, and only in his lifetime he signed. Vasily Ivanovich was born on February 9, January 28, according to the old style of the year in the village of Budaika under Cheboksary in a large family of a hereditary carpenter and was by nationality Mordvin. Parents dreamed of seeing him as a priest. The surname, in which Furmanov replaced one letter for the sake of harmoniality, went from one of the ancestors, the foreman of the builders, who constantly shouted to the workers: “Chepai, Chepay!

Fiction overpowered reality. After the film was released, the children of Chapaev issued new documents. Two sons of Vasily Ivanovich became the military. The eldest, artilleryman, rose to Major General, the youngest, a test pilot, died in a plane crash. The daughter, who died in the year, was a party worker, but was mainly engaged in the popularization of the name of her father.

The circumstances of the death are unknown on the night of September 5, near the Cossacks who had committed a deep raid on the red rear, flew to the headquarters of the Chapaevsky Division, located on the right bank of the Ural River in the area of ​​the city of Libyschensk now the territory of Kazakhstan. The headquarters was defeated, although numerically the Reds exceeded the whites three times.

According to one version, the reason was surprise, for the other - the carelessness and drunkenness of the commanders and the Red Army, confident in their security. The survivors were saved, who could. Those who managed to survive subsequently gave conflicting testimonies about the fate of the commander. It is generally accepted that Chapaev was struck by a machine gun burst, trying to cross the Urals.

According to local residents, it is impossible to overcome the river in September due to cold water and strong currents. There was a hypothesis, according to which Chapaev was captured and was shot white. In the year, Soviet newspapers reported the exposure of his "killer" - the former Kolchakovo officer Trofimov -Mirsky, who worked as an accountant of the artel of the disabled in Penza.

According to other sources, the fighters allegedly transported the wounded Chapaev on a boat, he died and was buried in an unknown grave. After the release of the film "Chapaev", the version of the hero’s death in the waters of the Urals became canonical, and no one really tried to dig to the truth. The ever-living signature of the photo, the propaganda image of Chapaev was widely used during the Patriotic War during the Great Patriotic War, a chapaev’s campaign video was removed, in which he salaes to the opposite shore, the Red Army men in modern form meet him in the words: “We have already been waiting for you!

We published a poster:“ We hit us great, we’re great, we’re stitched, grandchildren's grandchildren Suvorov, children of Chapaeva! In the X year, spectators, even seeing the film many times, seriously moved on the screen death of the hero and encouraged him with shouts: "Hold on! As the Soviet ideology collapsed, along with real and literary and kinematographic Chapaev, the third arose: “Vasily Ivanovich” from countless jokes, in which his “popular simplicity” was either played out, or the relationship between him, the orderly Petka and the machine gunner Anka were presented in the sloppy spirit.

Nowadays, director Viktor Tikhomirov takes off in St. Petersburg the Romek Chapaev, in which Ivan Okhlobystin plays the protagonist, Petka is a woman who has changed a man and went to the army for the secret love of Vasily Ivanovich, and Anka falls in love with Petka, for an obvious reason, which does not react to her flirting. In the final, an inconsolable Anka dies instead of the commander.

On the one hand, Russia has always been a strongly militarized society. And under the emperors and under the Communists, the military theme occupied an honorable place in state ideology and propaganda, the cult of the army service and military exploits was planted. On the other hand, the Russian army never played any noticeable role in politics, and the rulers often treated it completely shamelessly.

The only exception is the guards coups of the XVIII century, and even then the guards were more courting than the military. The rebellious archers and the Decembrists Peter I and his great -great -grandson Nicholas I changed their minds like chickens.

Kornilovsky rebellion and the coup of the GKChP failed. Stalin arranged a mass mass for the commander corps. Georgy Zhukov got into disgrace, while his American colleague Dwight Eisenhower became president. In the new Russia, civil leaders of all directions are constantly swearing by the name of the army and promise to "revive" it. Vladimir Putin posed in the form of a military sailor and pilot.

His supporters are going to hold the next rally not once, but on February 23. On the actions of the opposition is a rock group of former paratroopers dressed in vests and pea jackets. But not a single attempt by the general to become a public politician in New Russia was not successful. It is difficult to say how the fate of Chapaev would have developed, he remained alive.His deputy Ivan Kutyakov, who adopted the division after the death of the commander, was shot during the years of "Big Terror".

The deceased Chapaev "remained in the combat system" and was ascended to the pedestal. Dead heroes are more convenient for the state than alive. They do not require money, do not show ambitions and do not create problems. Read also.