Gavrila Biography details

His works are majestic, energetic and completely unexpected for the second half of the 18th century. Derzhavin was born on July 3 in the Kazan province. Parents, despite their noble origin, were very in poverty. In addition, Derzhavin lost his father early, and his mother had to go on severe humiliation in order to grow two sons and provide them with a more or less decent education. In those years, it was not easy to find these qualified teachers outside St.

Petersburg and Moscow. However, the persistence and exceptional abilities of Derzhavin helped him learn a lot, despite the difficult circumstances, poor health, semi -literate and strange teachers. He knew the German language very well, but did not speak French. I read a lot, but had vague ideas about the rules of poem. However, perhaps it was this fact that in the future gave the great poet to write without thinking about the rules and violating them for the sake of his inspiration.

Pieta friends often tried to rule the Derzhavin lines, but he stubbornly defended his right to write as he pleased, not necessarily following the ossested rules. Derzhavin began to write poetry in the gymnasium, but his training was unexpectedly and interrupted before the deadline.

Due to the clerical error, the young man was called up to St. Petersburg for military service a year earlier than the due date and also recorded, although in the Guards Preobrazhensky Regiment, but a soldier. Due to the difficult financial situation, the absence of high patrons and an extremely inanimate disposition Derzhavin, Derzhavin had to not only wait for an officer rank for ten years, but even, unlike other noble children, lives in the barracks for a rather long time.

There was not so much time left for poetic classes, but the young man composed comic verses that were popular among his fellow soldiers, wrote letters at the request of soldiers, and, for the sake of his own self -education, studied Tredyakovsky, Sumarokov and especially Lomonosov, who was at that time as his idol and example to follow. He read Derzhavin and German poets, trying to translate their poems and trying to follow them in his own works.

However, the career of the poet did not seem to him at that moment the main work of life. After the long -awaited production to the officers, Derzhavin tried to advance in the service, hoping to correct his financial affairs and serve faithfully to the Fatherland. B-Derzhavin took an active part in the suppression of Pugachev’s uprising, but, because of the same inanimate and quick-tempered temper, he did not receive a long-awaited increase.

He was transferred from military service to civilian service, received only three hundred souls of peasants as a reward, and for several years he was forced to earn a living by a card game - not always honest. Despite everything, it was by the age of first that the Derzhavin poetic gift was really manifested for the first time. B, being during the Pugachev uprising with his people not far from Saratov, near Mount Chatali, Derzhavin read the odes of the Prussian king Frederick II and translated four of them.

Published in the Chatalia Odes attracted the attention of readers, although the works created in the years have not yet been truly independent. Regardless of whether he translated Derazhavin or composed his own odes, his work was still under the strong influence of Lomonosov and Sumarokov. Their high solemn language, strict adherence to the rules of classic versions constrained the young poet, trying to write in a new way, but not yet clearly realizing how to do this.

The fundamental changes in the life and work of Derzhavin occurred at the end of the schemes. He fell in love with ardently at first glance and married Ekaterina Yakovlevna Bastidon, who then for many years would praise in his poems under the name Plenira. Happy family life provided the poet’s personal happiness. At the same time, friendly communication with other writers helped him develop natural talents.

His friends are N. Lvov, V. Kapnist, I. Hemnizer were highly educated and subtly feeling art. Friendly communication was connected in their company with deep discussions about ancient and new literature - vital to replenish and deepen the formation of Derzhavin himself. The literary environment helped the poet better realize his goals and opportunities. This was the most important change.

As Derzhavin himself wrote, he chose his special path. The strict rules of classic poetry no longer constrained his work. From now on, to the main genre, in which Derzhavin worked and achieved the greatest successes, the ODA became - a solemn poetic work, whose sonorous and measured form was always close to representatives of classic poetry. Derzhavin, however, managed to transform this traditional genre and breathe a completely new life into it.

It is no accident that the outstanding literary critic Yu. Tynyanov wrote about the "revolution of Derzhavin."The works that made Derzhavin famous, such as the Oda for the death of Prince Meshchersky, Oda to Felitsa, God, the waterfall were written in an unusual language for that time. Derzhavinsky is surprisingly sound. So, the ode to the death of Prince. Meshchersky from the very first lines amazes with humming and ringing lines, as if reproducing the ringing of a pendulum, measuring an irrevocably passing time: the verb of the times!

Metal ringing! .. Your terrible voice confuses me ... The images created by the poet are unusually passionate and emotional for the calm and rationalon era of classicism, for example: Death is already groaning with teeth ... And my days, like a cereal, shims. No less unexpected and the ending of the ode. The traditional classic system of values ​​has always put public, state interests above personal.

The genre of solemn ode itself, it would seem, did not imply any intimate revelations. Derzhavin, however, ends his exalted thoughts on the mortality of earthly life, amazingly personal, coming from the depths of the soul: life is an instant gift; Stick it to your rest, and with your pure soul, bless the fate of the blow. The proposal to arrange a life “to rest” absolutely did not fit into the ideas of that time, which considered the ideal life active, public, public, dedicated to the state and the sovereign.

As for Derzhavin, after he was transferred from military life to civilian life, he was granted as a reward of only three hundred souls of peasants, and for several years he was forced to earn a living by a card game. However, in the years, Derzhavin gradually began to advance along the service ladder, gradually, despite his inanimate character, occupying more and more responsible posts.

So, he was the Olonets and Tambov governor, then the state secretary of Catherine II and the senator. It would seem that Derzhavin would have to, like many of his contemporaries, not “humiliate” before the demonstration of his inner life in Odam. But the poet was already a man of the next era - the time of approaching sentimentalism, with his cult of a simple, unpretentious life and clear, gentle feelings and even romanticism with his storm of emotions and self -expression of an individual person.

In his arrangement of the biblical psalm to the rulers and judges, this loyal servant expressed thoughts that would be more likely to match the revolutionary. Speaking of the "kings", he puts them on a par with every mortal in the face of the final death and is not afraid to exclaim: and you like it like your last slave will die! Obviously, Derzhavin did not put any revolutionary content into these lines.

It was much more important for him to proclaim the subject of any mortal to a single, divine law. The same idea of ​​the unity of human nature, bringing together the king, the poet and, in the principle of any person, manifested itself in the veneers to Felitsa. The work praising Catherine II in the image of Felitsa was so unusual that the poet did not dare to publish it for a long time.

When Oda nevertheless saw the light, the excited Derazhavin expected troubles. The consequences, however, turned out to be completely different - the moved empress cried, listening to the ode, and, as a sign of her gratitude, granted the poet a snuff -up, strewn with diamonds. Felitsa struck not only Catherine, but all the educated society. Her novelty was obvious. The empress praised here primarily for her human qualities - simplicity, mercy, enlightenment, modesty - and not for state merits, or rather, these spiritual virtues were under the Derzhavinsky pen of the main qualities of this Sovereign.

I was struck by readers and the unusual form of the ode. Appeals to the empress were interspersed here with the deviations that described the life of the poet himself - the situation for the traditional dress is unheard of. In addition, the high -paired and solemn style was also decisively discarded, which was decisively discarded, he was replaced by a much simpler language.

The language, in which, according to Yu. Tynyanov, "it is low vocabulary, it is precisely a decrease in everyday life that contributes to the revival of the image." Moreover, Derzhavin admits a description of completely low matters in his clothes. He talks about how he will “pump” with his wife: “I play fools”, “sometimes getting along the pigeon”, “sometimes froze in the clicks” ...

Derzhavin, according to the poet V. Khodasevich, “understood that his ode was the first artistic embodiment of Russian life, that she was the embryo of our novel ... Derzhavin first began to portray the world as it seemed to the artist. In this sense, he was the first true lyrical in Russia. ” Even in the Board of God, with exalted and solemn stanzas, singing the divine greatness, the description of the personal experiences and thoughts of the author is adjacent: a particle of the whole universe, set, imagines to me, in the respectable middle nature, I have finished the creatures of the bodily, where you began the Spirits of Heaven, and the chain of creatures bound everyone with me.

In the same way, in the waterfall, the author, mourning the death of Prince Potemkin, is concentrated primarily not on his military or state successes, that is, not on the fact that, from the point of view of that era, it should have been preserved for centuries, but on an exclusively personal sense of transition, the temporality of everything existing, be it glory, success or wealth: ...

and everything that has shone near you, sadly and sadly. However, all the exploits and achievements of a state man will not disappear without a trace. Eternal life will be given to them thanks to great art, thanks to the singers that only the truth is singing. Here, in the waterfall, Derzhavin creates a completely innovative landscape for that time. A fairly abstract descriptions of nature in the verses of its predecessors are replaced by an elevated, romanticized, but still description of a completely specific place - Karelian Kivach waterfall.

Almasta is pouring a mountain.